microsoft windows vs macintosh
Apple Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows are two of the most widely used desktop operating systems. Apple's Mac OS X is more commonly known as just simply: "OSX" and is developed by Apple Computer for their own line of PCs, often referred to as "Macs." Windows is developed by Microsoft for any PC (including Apple's).
Releases

OS X and Windows both have a long line of releases in their history. The X in OS X stands for 10, signifying the 10th major release of the Mac operating system. Within the Mac OS X line-up, there have been incremental sub-versions named after felines. Windows began with 1.0, following the numeric system until 3.1 and then switched to NT4. Since then, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 have followed for personal computing, while others, including Windows 2000, Windows 2003, and Windows 2008 were released as enterprise operating systems.

Market Share

The percentage of the market held by either OS is always going to be a murky, unclear answer. According to one source, Windows has a market share of 91.8% compared to OS X with 7.3% [1]. While other sources may claim only 5%, or 3% for OS X depending on how they look at the data. Although the iPhone does run Mac OS X, some do not count it as such in their market share research. Also, sales numbers do not necessarily reflect the true popularity of Windows as most new PCs come with Windows pre-installed, but some users may opt to install a different OS after purchase.
Software
Bundled Software
Software Type Mac OSX Windows
Web Browser Safari Internet Explorer
Media Player iTunes / QuickTime Windows Media Player
Photo Management iPhoto Windows Photo Gallery
Movie Production iMovie Windows Movie Maker
Development Tools XCode None
PDF Viewer Preview None
Calendar iCal Windows Calendar
DVD Authoring iDVD Windows DVD Maker
WYSIWYG Website Authoring iWeb None
Chat iChat Windows Messenger
Available Software
Software


Mac OSX Windows
OpenOffice


yes yes
Adobe CS3


yes yes
Microsoft Office


yes yes
Firefox


yes yes
3ds Max


no yes
AutoCAD


no yes
Maya


yes yes
Houdini


yes yes
Logic


yes no
Final Cut


yes no
SoftImage XSI

• Malware
Apple touts this feature as an advantage over (pre-Vista) Windows: "On a Windows PC, software (both good and evil) can change the system without your even knowing about it."

Windows Vista recently started to focus more on security by implementing a stricter user-permission policy, but many users feel that the strict policy is more annoying than useful.

Hence, there is no architectural advantage in security between Mac OSX and Vista concerning this point.
• Viruses
Developers often capitalize on Windows' large market share and significant vulnerabilities when creating viruses and other malicious software. Some counts place the number of Windows/MS-DOS viruses at over 50,000. In the past, Microsoft's solution to this problem was insufficient.

Infection of Macs running OS X is extremely rare, and there has never been a large-scale infection of computers running OS X. The latest version of Mac OS X added sandboxing to improve protection against malware and trojans, but it cannot protect against all possible applications users can install.
• Patches
Both Macs and Windows have patches and/or updates provided online by Apple and Microsoft, respectively. Through one simple button-click change in the System Preferences this can be on or off, to differing degrees. Ever since the release of Mac OSX 10.1 on September 25, 2001 as a 'free update' to version 10.0, Macs can download these automatically or the [owner or administrator] user has the option of accepting these downloads or not: "New software is available for your computer. If you're not ready to install now, you can use the Software Update preference to check for updates later." In Windows XP and Vista, the user has the option of turning automatic updates on or off as well.

RCA
An RCA connector, sometimes called cinch plug or lotus plug, is a type of electrical connector that is commonly used in the audio/video market. The name "RCA" derives from the Radio Corporation of America, which introduced the design by the early 1940s to allow mono phonograph players to be connected to amplifiers. For many other applications it began to replace the older jack plugs used in the audio world when component high fidelity started becoming popular in the 1950s. The corresponding plug is called an RCA plug or phono plug, for "phonograph". The name "phono plug" is often confused with a "phone plug" which refers to a jack plug or TRS connector.

Uses
In the most normal usage, cables have a standard plug on each end, consisting of a central male connector, surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented for flexibility. Devices mount the jack, consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal around it. The ring is slightly smaller in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the plug's ring to fit tightly over it. The jack has a small area between the outer and inner rings which is filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very early versions, or those made for use as RF connectors used ceramic). As with many other connectors, the RCA has been adopted for other uses than originally intended, including as a power connector, an RF connector, and as a connector for loudspeaker cables. Its use as a connector for composite video signals is extremely common, but provides poor impedance matching. RCA connectors and cable are also commonly used to carry S/PDIF-formatted digital audio, with plugs colored orange to differentiate them from other typical connections. Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the female jack on the device. The signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the grounded rings meet, resulting in loud hum or buzz if the audio components are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out of the jack, breaking ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of flexibility. They are often color-coded, yellow for composite video, red for the right channel, and white or black for the left channel of stereo audio. This trio (or pair) of jacks can be found on the back of almost all audio and video equipment. At least one set is usually found on the front panel of modern TV sets, to facilitate connection of camcorders (through 3.5mm Jack to 3 RCA, also called Mini RCA plug), digital cameras, and video gaming consoles. Although nearly all audio-visual connectors, including audio, composite and component video, and S/PDIF audio can use identical 75 Ω cables, sales of special-purpose cables for each use have proliferated. Varying cable quality means that a cheap line-level audio cable might not successfully transfer component video or digital audio signals due to impedance mismatch and poor shielding quality (causing signal-to-noise ratio to be too low). Cables should meet the S/PDIF specification as defined by the international standard IEC 60958-3 for assured performance. The male plug has a center pin which is 3.70 mm in diameter, and is surrounded by an outer shell which is 8.25 mm in diameter.

Disadvantages
One problem with the RCA jack system is that each signal requires its own plug. Even the simple case of attaching a cassette deck may need four of them, two for stereo input, two for stereo output. In any common setup this quickly leads to a mess of cables, which is made worse if one considers more complex signals like component video (a total of three for video and two for analog audio or one for digital coaxial audio). There have been numerous attempts to introduce combined audio/video connectors for direct signals[citation needed]but in the analog realm none of these have ever become universal, except in Europe where the SCART connector is very successful[citation needed]. For a time the 5-pin DIN connector was popular for bi-directional stereo connection between A/V equipment, but it has been entirely displaced[citation needed] on modern consumer devices. Though RF modulators inherently transmit combined A/V signals in video applications, they depend on broadcast television systems and RF connectors which are not universal worldwide; RF signals are also generally inferior to direct signals due to protocol conversion and the RF limitations of the three major analog TV systems (NTSC, PAL and SECAM). Nearly all modern TV sets, VCRs, and DVD players sold in Europe have SCART connectors[citation needed], though sometimes supplemented by RCA and/or RF connectors and there are also SCART-RCA adapters.[1] Outside Europe, separate RCA connectors are the norm[citation needed], supplemented by RF connectors for backward compatibility and simplicity; though mini-DIN connectors are sometimes used for S-Video connections, composite video, component video, and analog audio (mono or stereo) all use RCA connectors unless RF is used. In the digital realm, however, combined A/V connectors are gaining ground; HDMI is commonly being used today, and DisplayPort is a potential competitor to HDMI. For audio signals, an RCA connection is called unbalanced, and a true balanced connection is generally preferred in certain applications because it allows for the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise.

Color Definiton
Analog audio Left/Mono White
Right Red
Center Green
Left surround Blue
Right surround Gray
Left back surround Brown
Right back surround Tan
Subwoofer Purple
Digital audio S/PDIF Orange
Component analog video (YPbPr) Y Green
PB Blue
PR Red
Component analog video/VGA (RGB/HV) R Red
G Green
B Blue
H(Horizontal sync)/S(Composite Sync) Yellow
V(Vertical sync) White

Chapter 6…………

Topologies in networking

A network topology is the geometric arrangement of nodes and cable links in a LAN, thats what we learn in the class...need 2 find 2 more types of topologys...MESH n TREE

There are three topology’s to think about when you get into networks. These are the star, ring, and the bus.
Star - a ring topology features a logically closed loop. Data packets travel in a single direction around the ring from one network device to the next. Each network device acts as a repeater, meaning it regenerates the signal
Ring - in a star topology each node has a dedicated set of wires connecting it to a central network hub. Since all traffic passes through the hub, the hub becomes a central point for isolating network problems and gathering network statistics.
Bus - the bus topology, each node (computer, server, peripheral etc.) attaches directly to a common cable. This topology most often serves as the backbone for a network. In some instances, such as in classrooms or labs, a bus will connect small workgroups

MESH TOPOLOGY
A type of network setup where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another, allowing for most transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks as it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. However, this type of topology is commonly used for wireless networks. Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using a mesh topology.


TREE TOPOLOGY

Among all the Network Topologies we can derive that the Tree Topology is a combination of the bus and the Star Topology. The tree like structure allows you to have many servers on the network and you can branch out the network in many ways. This is particularly helpful for colleges, universities and schools so that each of the branches can identify the relevant systems in their own network and yet connect to the big network in some way.

NETWORKING CABLE 2...PRO'S N CON'S
Types of Networking Cables:

The three main types of networking cables are coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable and fiber optic cable and the differences................

Coaxial Cable:

Coaxial cable is made of two conductors that share the same axis; the center is a copper wire that is insulated by a plastic coating and then wrapped with an outer conductor (usually a wire braid). This outer conductor around the insulation serves as electrical shielding for the signal being carried by the inner conductor. A tough insulating plastic tube outside the outer conductor provides physical and electrical protection. At one time, coaxial cable was the most widely used network cabling. However, with improvements and the lower cost of twisted-pair cables, it has lost its popularity.

Network Cable Types

There are two types of coaxial cable.

1. ThickNet
2. ThinNet

ThickNet:

ThickNet is about .38 inches in diameter. This makes it a better conductor, and it can carry a signal about 1640 feet (500 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer. The disadvantage of ThickNet over ThinNet is that it is more difficult to work with. The ThickNet version is also known as standard Ethernet cable.

ThinNet:

ThinNet is the easiest to use. It is about .25 inches in diameter, making it flexible and easy to work with (it is similar to the material commonly used for cable TV). ThinNet can carry a signal about 605 feet (185 meters) before signal strength begins to suffer.


Twisted-Pair Cable:

Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated strands of copper wire twisted around each other to form a pair. One or more twisted pairs are used in a twisted-pair cable. The purpose of twisting the wires is to eliminate electrical interference from other wires and outside sources such as motors. Twisting the wires cancels any electrical noise from the adjacent pair. The more twists per linear foot, the greater the effect.

Network Cable Types

There are two types of twisted pair cable

1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

2. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

The only difference between STP and UTP is that STP has a foil or wire braid wrapped around the individual wires of the pairs. The shielding is designed to minimize EMI radiation and susceptibility to crosstalk. The STP cable uses a woven-copper braided jacket, which is a higher-quality, more protective jacket than UTP.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):

As the name implies, "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling is twisted pair cabling that contains no shielding. UTP cables can be divided further into following categories:
Category 1 : Traditional telephone cable. Carries voice but not data
Category 2 : Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 4 megabits per second (Mbps). It has four twisted pairs
Category 3 : Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 10 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs
Category 4 : Certified UTP for data transmission of up to 16 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs
Category 5 : Certified for data transmission of up to 100 Mbps. It has four twisted pairs of copper wire
Category 6 :Offers transmission speeds up to 155 Mbps
Category 7 :Category 7 is a proposed standard that aims to support transmission at frequencies up to 600 MHz

Twisted-pair cable has several advantages over other types of cable (coaxial and fiberoptic): It is readily available, easy to install, and inexpensive. Among its disadvantages are its sensitivity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), its susceptibility to eavesdropping, its lack of support for communication at distances of greater than 100 feet, and its requirement of a hub (multiple network connection point) if it is to be used with more than two computers. Twisted pair cables use RJ45 connector.

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
This is the most popular form of cables in the network and the cheapest form that you can go with. The UTP has four pairs of wires and all inside plastic sheathing. The biggest reason that we call it Twisted Pair is to protect the wires from interference from themselves. Each wire is only protected with a thin plastic sheath.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Is more common in high-speed networks. The biggest difference you will see in the UTP and STP is that the STP use’s metallic shield wrapping to protect the wire from interference.
-Something else to note about these cables is that they are defined in numbers also. The bigger the number the better the protection from interference. Most networks should go with no less than a CAT 3 and CAT 5 is most recommended.
-Now you know about cables we need to know about connectors. This is pretty important and you will most likely need the RJ-45 connector. This is the cousin of the phone jack connector and looks real similar with the exception that the RJ-45 is bigger. Most commonly your connector are in two flavors and this is BNC (Bayonet Naur Connector) used in thicknets and the RJ-45 used in smaller networks using UTP/STP.

Bussiness to Bussiness

Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G).
The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving subcomponent or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windshields, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.

Consumer to Consumer

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) (or citizen-to-citizen) electronic commerce involves the electronically-facilitated transactions between consumers through some third party. A common example is the online auction, in which a consumer posts an item for sale and other consumers bid to purchase it; the third party generally charges a flat fee or commission. The sites are only intermediaries, just there to match consumers. They do not have to check quality of the products being offered.Consumer to Business
Consumer-to-business (C2B) is an electronic commerce bussiness model in which consumers (individuals) offer products and services to companies and the companies pay them. This business model is a complete reversal of traditional business model where companies offer goods and services to consumers (business-to-consumer = B2C).
This kind of economic relationship is qualified as an inverted business type. The advent of the C2B
· Connecting a large group of people to a bidirectional network has made this sort of commercial relationship possible. The large traditional media outlets are one direction relationship whereas the internet is bidirectional one.
· Decreased cost of technology : Individuals now have access to technologies that were once only available to large companies ( digital printing and acquisition technology, high performance computer, powerful software)

Bussiness to Consumer

· Business-to-consumer (B2C, sometimes also called Business-to-Customer) describes activities of businesses serving end consumers with products and/or services.
· An example of a B2C transaction would be a person buying a pair of shoes from a retailer. The transactions that led to the shoes being available for purchase, that is the purchase of the leather, laces, rubber, etc. as well as the sale of the shoe from the shoemaker to the retailer would be considered (B2B) transactions

PORTAL MY EG

MyEG Services Berhad merupakan sebuah syarikat pemegang konsesi kerajaan elektronik Malaysia di bawah aplikasi Perdana MSC. Berperanan sebagai pembekal aplikasi e-khidmat yang menghubungkan pihak kerajaan, rakyat dan syarikat perkhidmatan.Melalui portal kami,rakyat Malaysia berpeluang untuk berinteraksi kepada mana-mana badan kerajaan melalui satu pusat sehenti. Portal kami juga membolehkan rakyat Malaysia untuk berinteraksi dengan pelbagai agensi Kerajaan Persekutuan, Negeri dan kerajaan tempatan yang menawarkan pelbagai perkhidmatan daripada pencarian maklumat sehinggalah kepada permohonan lesen. Untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan yang memerlukan interaksi fizikal, MyEG telah mewujudkan pusat e-khidmat di seluruh negeri sebagai pelengkap kepada perkhidmatan secara atas talian. Kami percaya melalui dua pendekatan ini, kami boleh menambahkan lagi cabang interaksi di antara kerajaan Malaysia dan rakyatnya.

PORTAL RILEK
Introducing RILEK as the revolutionary way to perform all your e-government services:

Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)
Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM)
Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TMB)
Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)

We provide easy transactions electronically via various delivery channels.RILEK offers JPJ Driving Licences services, summons payments and inquiries on Kejara points.Our services include electronic utility bill payment for TNB and Telekom bills.Go online and experience hands-on the technologically advanced payment method, minus the hassle, queues, and frustrations. You can complete all your billing payments and inquiries in an instant, comfortably from anywhere.RILEK represent reliability, simplicity and security. RILEK is equipped with high-end multimedia facilities and system support to accommodate heavy traffic flow. In addition, it is capable of processing information at an efficient and high-speed rate. RILEK promotes a hassle-free and innovative lifestyle that is designed to eliminate queues and frustrations. RILEK combines advanced technology and human proficiency to enhance your lifestyle.

SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI KOMUNIKASI

Pada kuliah ini kami mempelajari bab 2 yang mengandungi kandungan bab evolusi teknologi komunkasi,peranan teknologi komunikasi dan hala tuju dan pembangunan ict dunia.Terdapat 4 era iaitu era komunikasi penulisan,era komunikasi percetakan,era telekomunikasi dan era komunikasi interaktif.Era komuniksi penulisan mempunyai 3 kategori iaitu komunikasi suara.simbol dan abjad.Komunikasi simbol mempunyai 3 jenis simbol petroglyphs,pictograms dan ideograms.Teknologi percetakan pula Johannes Guttenberg yang menghasilkan printing machine.Teknologi telegraf dicipta oleh pereka Amerika yang bernama Samuel Finley Breece Morse.Manakala Thomas Alva Edison pula mencipta fonograf yang pertama pada tahun 1877.Alexander Graham Bell pula mencipta telefon manakala Thomas A.Watson pula membantu menyediakan alat dalam penciptaan telefon.Guglielmo Marconi pula membuat eksperimen tentang telegraf tanpa wayar dan Friedrich Hertz pula menemui gelombang elektromagnetik.Komunikasi interaktif terdiri daripada fotografi, televisyen, gambar bergerak dan komputer.Teknologi komunikasi berperanan dalam bidang pendidikan,ekonomi,sosial,ketenteraan,penyiaran,penerbitan dan percetakan.

PENGENALAN KEPADA SISTEM KOMUNIKASI

Dlm kelas cct1023 minggu ini kami telah mempelajari pengenalan kpd sistem komunikasi.M enurut John B.Hoben, 1954 komunikasi ialah satu proses penukaran verbal antara idea dan pemikiran.Terdapat beberapa sumber komunikasi antaranya ialah sumber,penerima,saluran,maklum balas dan gangguan.

Model komunikasi terbahagi kpd 3 iaitu Model Lasswell,Model Shanon dan Weaver dan model Berlo.Teknologi pila merujuk kpd keseluruhan perkakasan yg bersifat teknologikal secara semulajadi termasuklah komputer dan juga lain-lain perkakasan yg beroperasi menggunakan cip komputer.

Antara ciri-ciri komunikasi ialah mesej dihantar kpd penerima melalui gabungan sistem media massa seperti internet,media cetak atau penyiaran dan sesuatu mesej itu mampu dihantar dengan lebih pantas.